Author(s): K Vinay Teja, Dr. K Krishnam Raju, Dr. Rashmi K, Dr. Satyabrata Nanda, Dr. Poulami Sil and Vidadala Rajendra

Abstract: Terminal heat stress may impact grain quality during the critical fill period in warmer weather. Environmental conditions trigger widespread transformations within plants, affecting their growth patterns and possibly causing substantial financial losses. Gaining insight into the intricate details of heat stress's underlying biology will aid in overcoming these obstacles. By setting temperature milestones, we can determine the probability of transgressing them, essential for comprehensive climate change hazard appraisal. Armed with multiple strategies to combat harsh environmental situations, plants are resilient. After stress, heat shock proteins are generated, and their manufacturing depends on transcription factors. Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures (HT) generates dangerous ROS, capable of altering or destroying vital cellular structures. Stress's impact on biology and physiology enlists numerous allies to counteract damage; these include antioxidants, transporters, Osmo comparative molecules, heat shock proteins, plus governing mRNA phrase designers. By delving into the molecular details of these pathways, our investigation sheds light on how they adapt under terminal heat conditions, highlighting strategies employed by plants to enhance resistance. Using the previously mentioned studies, we hope to identify and map genes or QTLs responsible for terminal heat tolerance. This information will help inform marker-assisted selection practices to improve terminal heat tolerance traits, while simultaneously advancing research into fundamental genomic elements influencing these qualities. By doing this, we aim to create advanced crops with increased resistance to extreme summer temperatures and increase the output quality of protein maize during hotter seasons.

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